About 'internet radio broadcasting'-Ars Technica: Broadcast radio only relevant in movies; make way for Internet radio

About 'internet radio broadcasting'-Ars Technica: Broadcast radio only relevant in movies; make way for Internet radio

Ｙｏｕ               ａｌｌ               ｋｎｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｈｒａｓｅ,               ａｌｓｏ               ａ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｒ               ｓｏｎｇ               ｔｉｔｌｅ:               "Ｖｉｄｅｏ               ｋｉｌｌｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｓｔａｒ."               Ｗｅｌｌ,               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ,               ｅｖｅｒｙｏｎｅ               ｓｅｅｍｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｉｎｋ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｗａｓ               ｄｏｏｍｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｓｅｔ               ｏｆ               ｍｕｓｉｃ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ. Ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ,               ｄｒａｓｔｉｃ               ｎｅｗ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｒｅｐｌａｃｅｓ               ｏｌｄ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ. Ｂｕｔ               ａｓ               ｉｔ               ｔｕｒｎｅｄ               ｏｕｔ,               ｉｔ               ｄｉｄｎ'ｔ               ｈａｐｐｅｎ. Ｓｕｒｅ,               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｔｏｏｋ               ａ               ｈｉｔ               ｉｎ               ｏｖｅｒａｌｌ               ｌｉｓｔｅｎｅｒｓ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｔ'ｓ               ｆａｒ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｄｙｉｎｇ               ｏｕｔ. Ｎｏｗａｄａｙｓ,               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｃａｎ               ｌｉｓｔｅｎ               ｔｏ               ｍｕｓｉｃ               ｏｎ               ｍｕｓｉｃ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ,               ｓｐｅｃｉａｌ               ｃｈａｎｎｅｌｓ               ｏｎ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｃａｂｌｅ               ｐａｃｋａｇｅｓ,               ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ               ｒａｄｉｏ,               ａｎｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               -               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｓｏｎｇｓ               ｙｏｕ               ｐｉｃｋ               ｏｎ               ｐｏｐｕｌａｒ               ｓｉｔｅｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               ＭｙＳｐａｃｅ.ｃｏｍ               ｏｒ               ｄｅｄｉｃａｔｅｄ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓ. Ｉ               ｋｎｏｗ               Ｉ'ｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｅｎｊｏｙｉｎｇ               Ｐａｎｄｏｒａ'ｓ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｓｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｅｍｐｈａｓｉｓ               ｏｎ               ｃｕｓｔｏｍｉｚｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｓｕｉｔ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｔａｓｔｅｓ. Ｕｎｆｏｒｔｕｎａｔｅｌｙ,               ｒｅｃｅｎｔ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔａｌ               ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｓ               ｍａｙ               ｃｒｉｐｐｌｅ               ｏｒ               ｋｉｌｌ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｉｆ               ｎｏｔ               ａｌｌ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｒｅ               ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ. Ｉ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｌｙ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｉｓ               ｂｙ               ｆａｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｓｔ               ａｄｖａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｍｕｓｉｃ. Ｎｏｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｄｏ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｆａｒ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｓ               (ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ'ｒｅ               ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ               ｇｒａｐｈｉｃ,               ｎｏｔ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｒｕｐｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｕｓｉｃ),               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｌｓｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ａ               ｆａｒ               ｗｉｄｅｒ               ｒａｎｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｓｔｙｌｅｓ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ               ａｒｅｎ'ｔ               ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｆｅａｓｉｂｌｅ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｌｅｖｅｌ. Ｙｏｕ'ｒｅ               ｐｒｏｂａｂｌｙ               ｆａｍｉｌｉａｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               "ｈｏｔ               ｎｏｗ!"               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｓｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｃｈａｎｇｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｓｔｙｌｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｙｏｕ               ｄｏｎ'ｔ               ｌｉｋｅ,               ｏｒ               ｅｖｅｎ               ａｎ               ｏｌｄｉｅｓ               ｓｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｄｅｃｉｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｓｔａｒｔ               ｐｌａｙｉｎｇ               ｍｕｓｉｃ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｄｅｃａｄｅ               -               ｙｏｕ               ｋｎｏｗ,               ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｅ               ｙｏｕ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｖｏｉｄｉｎｇ               ｂｙ               ｌｉｓｔｅｎｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈａｔ               ｏｌｄｉｅｓ               ｓｔａｔｉｏｎ. Ｗｅｌｌ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｉｔ               ｄｏｅｓｎ'ｔ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ               ｉｆ               ａ               ｓｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｃｈａｎｇｅｓ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｐｌｅｎｔｙ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｃｈｏｏｓｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｅａｓｙ               ｔｏ               ｆｉｎｄ               ｗｈａｔ'ｓ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｓｕｉｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｔａｓｔｅｓ. Ｓｏ,               ｗｈｙ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｐｙｒｉｇｈｔ               Ｒｏｙａｌｔｙ               Ｂｏａｒｄ               ｔｒｙｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｃｈａｎｇｅ               ｔｈａｔ? Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｂｅ               ｄｅｖｏｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｓｕｒｅ               ｍｕｓｉｃ               ａｒｔｉｓｔｓ               ｇｅｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｄｅｓｓｅｒｔｓ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｍｕｓｉｃ               ｉｓ               ｐｌａｙｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｄｉｏ. Ｕｎｔｉｌ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｍａｄｅ               ａ               ｖａｓｔｌｙ               ｌａｒｇｅｒ               ａｕｄｉｅｎｃｅ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ               ｂｒｏａｄｃａｓｔｅｒｓ,               ｍｏｓｔ               ｌｅｓｓｅｒ-ｋｎｏｗｎ               ｍｕｓｉｃｉａｎｓ               ｈａｄ               ｎｏ               ｃｈａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｂｒｏａｄｃａｓｔ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃｌｙ. Ｉｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｍａｎｎｅｒ,               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｈａｓ               ｅｎａｂｌｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｕｓｉｃ               ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ               ｔｏ               ｅｘｐａｎｄ               ｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｂｒｏａｄｌｙ               ｔｈａｎ               ｅｖｅｒ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ. Ａｓ               ｆａｒ               ａｓ               Ｉ'ｍ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄ,               ｔｈｅｒｅ'ｓ               ｎｏ               ｒｅａｓｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｓｔｏｐ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｖａｌｕａｂｌｅ               ｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎ               ｎｏｗ.                Ｏｎ               Ｍａｒｃｈ               2,               2007,               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｐｙｒｉｇｈｔ               ａｎｄ               Ｒｏｙａｌｔｙ               Ｂｏａｒｄ               ｉｓｓｕｅｄ               ｎｅｗ               ｒｏｙａｌｔｙ               ｒａｔｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｐｐｌｉｅｄ               ｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｂｒｏａｄｃａｓｔｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｗ               ｒｏｙａｌｔｙ               ｒａｔｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｔｒｉｐｌｅ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ               ｒａｔｅ               (ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｗａｓ               ｄｅｃｉｄｅｄ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｔｗｏ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ａｇｏ). Ｗｈｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｄｄｅｎ               ｄｒａｓｔｉｃ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅ? Ｗｈｏ               ｋｎｏｗｓ... ｉｔ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎｌｙ               ｊｕｍｐｓ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｈｉｇｈｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｔｅ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｆｌａｔｉｏｎ. Ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｂｒｏａｄｃａｓｔｉｎｇ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｏ               ｐａｙ               ｒｏｙａｌｔｙ               ｆｅｅｓ               ａｔ               ａｌｌ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｗ               ｒａｔｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               ｆｏｕｒ               ｔｉｍｅｓ               ａｓ               ｈｉｇｈ               ａｓ               ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｈａｓ               ｔｏ               ｐａｙ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｎｏ               ａｐｐａｒｅｎｔ               ｒｅａｓｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｄｒａｓｔｉｃ               ａｔｔａｃｋ               ｏｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ. Ｎｏｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               ａｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｗ               ｒａｔｅｓ               ｒｉｄｉｃｕｌｏｕｓｌｙ               ｈｉｇｈ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅｙ'ｒｅ               ｒｅｔｒｏａｃｔｉｖｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               2006. Ｍｏｓｔ               ｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｓｔａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｄｏｎ'ｔ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｕｇｅ               ｂｕｄｇｅｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｂｒｏａｄｃａｓｔｅｒｓ               ｈａｖｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ'ｌｌ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｂａｎｋｒｕｐｔ               ｊｕｓｔ               ｔｒｙｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｐａｙ               ｒｅｔｒｏａｃｔｉｖｅ               ｆｅｅｓ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ'ｓ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎｌｙ               ｎｏ               ｗａｙ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｃａｎ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｉｎｃｒｅｄｉｂｌｙ               ｕｎｆａｉｒ               ｒａｔｅｓ. Ｏｎ               ｔｏｐ               ｏｆ               ｗｈａｔ               ａｐｐｅａｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ａｎ               ｏｂｖｉｏｕｓ               ｉｎｊｕｓｔｉｃｅ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｏｐｙｒｉｇｈｔ               Ｒｏｙａｌｔｙ               Ｂｏａｒｄ               ｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｎ               Ａｐｒｉｌ               16ｔｈ               ｄｅｎｙｉｎｇ               ａ               ｍｏｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｒｅｈｅａｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｉｓｅｄ               ｒｏｙａｌｔｙ               ｒａｔｅｓ.                Ａｒｅ               ｙｏｕ               ａｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｆａｎ? Ａｒｅ               ｙｏｕ               ｒｅｍｏｔｅｌｙ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｅｖｅｒ               ｈａｖｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈａｎｃｅ               ｔｏ               ｃｈｅｃｋ               ｉｔ               ｏｕｔ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｅ               ｉｆ               ｉｔ               ｓｕｉｔｓ               ｙｏｕ               ｂｅｔｔｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｂｒｏａｄｃａｓｔｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒｍｓ? Ｉｆ               ｓｏ,               ａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｂｅ               ｔａｋｅｎ               ｑｕｉｃｋｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｓａｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ａｌｍｏｓｔ               ｓｕｒｅ               ｄｅａｔｈ               ｏｆ               ａｌｌ               ｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ. Ｔｈａｎｋｆｕｌｌｙ,               ａ               ｃｏａｌｉｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｍｕｓｉｃ               ａｒｔｉｓｔｓ,               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ               ｌａｂｅｌｓ,               ｌｉｓｔｅｎｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｅｂｃａｓｔｅｒｓ               ｈａｓ               ｆｏｒｍｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｒａｌｌｙ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ. Ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｗｅｂｓｉｔｅ               ｉｓ               ｅａｓｙ               ｔｏ               ｆｉｎｄ:               ＳａｖｅＮｅｔＲａｄｉｏ.ｏｒｇ               . Ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅｒｅ,               ｙｏｕ               ｃａｎ               ｓｐｒｅａｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｄ               ｔｏ               ｆｒｉｅｎｄｓ,               ｓｅｎｄ               ｅ-ｍａｉｌｓ               ｏｒ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｎｄ               ｏｕｔ               ａｎｙ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｓｔｅｐｓ               ｙｏｕ               ｃａｎ               ｔａｋｅ               ｔｏ               ｓｔｏｐ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｕｌｉｎｇ               ｂｅｆｏｒｅ               ｉｔ               ｄｅｓｔｒｏｙｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ. Ｉ'ｖｅ               ｅ-ｍａｉｌｅｄ               ａｌｌ               ｏｆ               ｍｙ               ｃｏｎｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｖｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ａｌｒｅａｄｙ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ａ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｍ. Ｈｅ               ａｓｓｕｒｅｄ               ｍｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｓ               ａ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｅｎｅｒｇｙ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｅ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ,               ｈｅ'ｌｌ               ｅｘｅｒｔ               ｗｈａｔ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｈｅ               ｈａｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｖｏｋｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｒｕｌｉｎｇ. Ｂｉｇ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ｒｕｌｉｎｇｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ               ａｒｅｎ'ｔ               ｃｈａｎｇｅｄ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｐｉｎｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｏｎｅ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｆ               ｗｅ               ａｌｌ               ｄｏ               ｏｕｒ               ｐａｒｔ,               ｔｈｅｙ'ｌｌ               ｌｉｓｔｅｎ. Ｗｅ               ａｒｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｅｌｅｃｔｓ               ｔｈｅｍ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｏｕｒ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ａｎｄ               ａｒｅ               ｗｉｌｌｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｌｉｓｔｅｎ               ｔｏ               ｏｕｒ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｖｏｉｃｅ. Ｓｏ,               ｌｅｔ'ｓ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｓａｖｅ               ｎｅｔ               ｒａｄｉｏ!

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Ｈｏｌｙ               Ｗａｒ,               Ｉｎｃ. ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ               Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ'ｓ               ｔｈｅｓｉｓ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｏｓａｍａ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               "…ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｒｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｅｘｐｌｏｉｔｅｄ               ｔｗｅｎｔｙ-ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｗｅａｐｏｎｓ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅ,               ｒｅｔｒｏｇｒａｄｅ               ｒｅａｄｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｌｙ               ｗａｒ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               2001,               ｐ. 27). Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ａ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｍ               ａｎａｌｙｓｔ               ｆｏｒ               ＣＮＮ,               ｗａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｊｏｕｒｎａｌｉｓｔ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔ               ａ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｖｉｅｗ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｏｓａｍａ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ. Ｈｅ               ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙ               ｓｅｒｖｅｓ               ａｓ               ａ               ｆｅｌｌｏｗ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｎｅｗ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａ               Ｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               Ｗａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎ,               Ｄ.Ｃ.,               ａｎｄ               ｉｓ               ａｎ               Ａｄｊｕｎｃｔ               Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｃｈｏｏｌ               ｏｆ               Ａｄｖａｎｃｅｄ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ               ａｔ               Ｊｏｈｎｓ               Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓ               Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ               (ｗｗｗ.ｐｅｔｅｒｂｅｒｇｅｎ.ｃｏｍ).                ＢＥＲＧＥＮ'Ｓ               ＴＨＥＳＩＳ                Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｕｓｅｓ               Ｈｏｌｙ               Ｗａｒ,               Ｉｎｃ. ｔｏ               ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍａｋｅ               ｕｐ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ａｓ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｕｓｅ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ               ｔｏ               ｗａｇｅ               ｗｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｌｙ               ａ               ｍｅｄｉｅｖａｌ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ｗａｒｆａｒｅ. Ｈｅ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｓ               ｉｎ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｄｅｔａｉｌ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｍ               ｈａｓ               ｃｈａｎｇｅｄ,               ａｓ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｏｓａｍａ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ,               ｔｏ               ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔ               ａ               ｎｅｗ               ｔｙｐｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ;               ｏｎｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｉｓ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｅｄ,               ｍｏｒｅ               ａｆｆｌｕｅｎｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｗｈｏ               ｕｓｅｓ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｔｒａｖｅｌ,               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔｓ,               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ,               ａｎｄ               ａｄｖａｎｃｅｄ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｗａｇｅ               ｗａｒ.                Ｔｈｉｓ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ,               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ,               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ,               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｔｒａｖｅｌ               ａｎｄ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｅａｃｈ               ｅｘａｍｉｎｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ｈｏｌｙ               Ｗａｒ,               Ｉｎｃ. ａｎｄ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｕｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｔｙ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅ               ｏｌｄ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ. Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               "Ｎｏ               ｓｉｎｇｌｅ               ｅｖｅｎｔ               ｂｅｔｔｅｒ               ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｆｕｓｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｔｒａｄｅ               Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｅｎｔａｇｏｎ. Ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ｍｅｎ,               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｗｈｏｍ               ｈａｄ               ｔｒａｉｎｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. ａｓ               ｐｉｌｏｔｓ,               ｆｌｅｗ               ｐａｓｓｅｎｇｅｒ               ｊｅｔｓ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｗｏ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ'ｓ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｆａｍｏｕｓ               ｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇｓ               ｉｎ               ａ               ｍａｒｔｙｒｄｏｍ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ,               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｖｉｅｗ,               ｉｎｓｔａｎｔｌｙ               ｔａｋｅ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｔｏ               ｐａｒａｄｉｓｅ. Ｔｈｅｙ               ｓａｗ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ａｓ               ｓｈｕｈａｄａａ               -               ｍａｒｔｙｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｎａｍｅ               ｏｆ               Ａｌｌａｈ               -               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ               ａｓ               ａｃｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｗｏｒｓｈｉｐ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 27). Ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ,               ａｓ               ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄ               ｂｙ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ,               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ               ｔｏ               ｅｘａｍｉｎｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｃｌｏｓｅｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ'ｓ               ｔｈｅｓｉｓ.                ＥＶＡＬＵＡＴＩＯＮ               ＯＦ               ＴＨＥ               ＴＨＥＳＩＳ                Ｔｈｅ               ｈｅａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ａｎｙ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｍｐｒｉｓｅ               ｉｔ. Ｆｏｒ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ,               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ａｒｅ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｂｒｅｅｄ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐａｓｔ. Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｔｅｌｌｓ               ｕｓ,               "…ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｎ               ａｔｔｒａｃｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ,               ｌｉｋｅ               ｓｏ               ｍａｎｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｗｅｒ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｓｔ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｎｔｓ,               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ               ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｓ               ａｓ               ｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ               ａｎｄ               ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ,               ｏｒ               ｈａｄ               ｃａｒｅｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ,               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｎｅｒ               ｐｏｉｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               ｊｕｒｉｓｐｒｕｄｅｎｃｅ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 29).                Ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ,               ｓａｙｓ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ               ｗｈｏ               ａｔｔａｃｋｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｏｎ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               11,               2001,               "…ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｗｅｌｌ-ｅｄｕｃａｔｅｄ,               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｓａｖｖｙ               ｙｏｕｎｇ               ｍｅｎ               ｗｈｏ               ｂｌｅｎｄｅｄ               ａｌｌ               ｔｏｏ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉａ,               Ｆｌｏｒｉｄａ,               ａｎｄ               Ｖｉｒｇｉｎｉａ. Ｔｈｅｙ               ｄｉｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｗｅａｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｕｌｌ               ｂｅａｒｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｓｔ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｎｔ,               ｂｕｔ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｃｌｅａｎ-ｓｈａｖｅｎ. Ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｏｒｋｅｄ               ｏｕｔ               ａｔ               ｇｙｍｓ,               ｏｒｄｅｒｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｐｉｚｚａ,               ａｎｄ               ｂｏｏｋｅｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｆｌｉｇｈｔｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ. Ｓｏｍｅ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｄｒａｎｋ               ｏｎ               ｏｃｃａｓｉｏｎ-ａ               ｇｒａｖｅ               ｓｉｎ               ｆｏｒ               ａ               ｓｅｒｉｏｕｓ               Ｍｕｓｌｉｍ               ｂｕｔ               ａｎ               ｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔ               ｃｏｖｅｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅｓ. Ｉｎ               ｓｈｏｒｔ,               ｔｈｅ               ｈｉｊａｃｋｅｒｓ               ｌｏｏｋｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ａｃｔｅｄ               ｌｉｋｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙ               ｄｉｖｅｒｓｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｗｅｎｔｙ-ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 28).                Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｓｐｅｎｄｓ               ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｄｅｔａｉｌｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｙｐｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｍｐｒｉｓｅ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ. Ｈｅ               ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙ               ｆｏｃｕｓｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｗｏ               ｗｅｌｌ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ:               Ｒａｍｚｉ               Ｙｏｕｓｅｆ,               ｗｈｏ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｌｅａｄｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               1993               ｂｏｍｂｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｔｒａｄｅ               Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ,               ａｎｄ               Ｍｏｈａｍｅｄ               Ａｔｔａ,               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅａｄｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｈｉｊａｃｋｅｄ               ｆｏｕｒ               ａｉｒｌｉｎｅｒｓ               ｏｎ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               11,               2001,               ａｎｄ               ａｔｔａｃｋｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｅｎｔａｇｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｔｒａｄｅ               Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ.                Ｒａｍｚｉ               Ｙｏｕｓｅｆ,               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｔｅｌｌｓ               ｕｓ,               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               "…ｐｒｏｔｏｔｙｐｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｓａｖｖｙ,               ｗｏｒｌｄｌｙ               ｙｏｕｎｇ               ｍｅｎ               ｗｈｏ               ａｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｈｏｃｋ               ｔｒｏｏｐｓ               ｏｆ               Ｈｏｌｙ               Ｗａｒ,               Ｉｎｃ…"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 34). Ｙｏｕｓｅｆ               ｗａｓ               ｅｄｕｃａｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ               ａｓ               ａｎ               ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌ               ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｓｐｏｋｅ               ｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔ               Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｒａｖｅｌｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｉｎｇ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｍ               ｉｎ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｐｌａｃｅｓ               ａｓ               Ａｆｇｈａｎｉｓｔａｎ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ,               Ｓｏｕｔｈｅａｓｔ               Ａｓｉａ,               ａｎｄ               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 34). Ｍｏｈａｍｅｄ               Ａｔｔａ,               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               "…ｅｍｂｏｄｉｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｒｒｉａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｚｅａｌ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ               ａｃｃｏｍｐｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ               ｔｙｐｉｃａｌ               ｏｆ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               ｅｌｉｔｅ               ｒｅｃｒｕｉｔｓ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 35). Ａｔｔａ               ｓｔｕｄｉｅｄ               ｕｒｂａｎ               ｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｅｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎ               ａｔ               Ｇｅｒｍａｎｙ'ｓ               Ｈａｍｂｕｒｇ               Ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ               Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｈａｉｌｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ,               ｍｉｄｄｌｅ-ｃｌａｓｓ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｉｎ               Ｃａｉｒｏ,               Ｅｇｙｐｔ               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 35).                Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｇｏｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｌｅｎｇｔｈ               ｔｏ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｄｅｔａｉｌ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｏｓａｍａ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ. Ｈｉｓ               ｉｎ-ｄｅｐｔｈ               ｐｒｏｆｉｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅａｄｉｎｇ               ｆｉｇｕｒｅｓ,               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               Ｏｓａｍａ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ａｎｄ               Ａｙｍａｎ               ａｌ-Ｚａｗａｈｉｒｉ,               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ｄｅｔａｉｌｅｄ               ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｏ-ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍａｋｅ               ｕｐ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ:               ｙｏｕｎｇ,               ｐａｓｓｉｏｎａｔｅｌｙ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｍｅｎ               ｗｈｏ               ａｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｄｅｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｅ               ａ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｈｏｐｅ,               ｂｕｔ               ａｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｆａｃｔ               ｗｅｌｌ-ｅｄｕｃａｔｅｄ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｍｉｄｄｌｅ-ｃｌａｓｓ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄｓ.                Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｎｅｏ-ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ               ａｒｅ,               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               "…ｂｏｎａ               ｆｉｄｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｔｒａｖｅｌｅｒｓ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 197). Ｔｈｅｙ               ｔｒａｖｅｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂｅ               ｍａｋｉｎｇ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ               ｗｈｏ               ａｒｅ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ａｎｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ               ｗｈｏ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｎｔ               ｇｒｏｕｐｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｔｏ               ｔｒａｖｅｌ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｅｎａｂｌｅｓ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ｃｅｌｌｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｓ               ａｎ               ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｌ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｏｕｐ'ｓ               ｐｌａｎｎｉｎｇ,               ｃｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｉｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ. Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ａｌｓｏ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｖｅｌ               ｈａｂｉｔｓ               ｏｆ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               ｌｅａｄｅｒ,               Ｏｓａｍａ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ,               ｔｏ               ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｒｒｉａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ:               "Ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｒａｖｅｌ               ａｒｅ               ｅｑｕａｌｌｙ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ:               ｗｈｅｎ               ｈｅ               ｌｉｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ｓｕｄａｎ,               ｈｅ               ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ               ｋｅｐｔ               ａ               ｃｏｕｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｐｉｌｏｔｓ               ｏｎ               ｃａｌｌ. Ａｎｄ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｈｅ               ｔｒａｖｅｌｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ               ｔｏ               Ｓｕｄａｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               1991,               ｔｈｅｙ               ｍａｄｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒｉｐ               ｉｎ               ｈｉｓ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｊｅｔ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 29).                Ｔｈｅ               ｂｒｉｅｆ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｒａｖｅｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂｅ               ｉｓ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｉｔ               ｈｅｌｐｓ               ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ. Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓ               ａｔ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ｌｅｎｇｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｒｅａｃｈ               ｏｆ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ａｎｄ               ｌｉｋｅｎｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｍｕｌｔｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｈｏｌｄｉｎｇ               ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎ,               ｗｉｔｈ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｈｉｅｆ               Ｅｘｅｃｕｔｉｖｅ               Ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒ,               ｔｈａｔ               ｈａｓ               "…ｔｒｕｌｙ               ｇｏｎｅ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｐ. 196). Ｈｅ               ｇｏｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｓａｙ,               "Ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ-ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｌｓｏ               ｖａｌｕｅｓ               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｃａｌ               ｐｒｏｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ,               ａｌｂｅｉｔ               ｏｆ               ａ               ｒａｔｈｅｒ               ｓｐｅｃｉａｌｉｚｅｄ               ｋｉｎｄ-ｉｓ               ａｓ               ｃｏｓｍｏｐｏｌｉｔａｎ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｓｍｏｃｒａｔｓ'. Ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｒａｎｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｐｌａｃｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｉｔ               ｈａｓ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｌｙ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｅｄ:               Ｓｕｄａｎ,               Ｅｇｙｐｔ,               Ｓａｕｄｉ               Ａｒａｂｉａ,               Ｙｅｍｅｎ,               Ｓｏｍａｌｉａ,               Ａｆｇｈａｎｉｓｔａｎ,               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ,               Ｂｏｓｎｉａ,               Ｃｒｏａｔｉａ,               Ａｌｂａｎｉａ,               Ａｌｇｅｒｉａ,               Ｔｕｎｉｓｉａ,               Ｌｅｂａｎｏｎ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎｅｓ,               Ｔａｊｉｋｉｓｔａｎ,               Ａｚｅｒｂａｉｊａｎ,               Ｋｅｎｙａ,               Ｔａｎｚａｎｉａ,               Ｋａｓｈｍｉｒ               ｉｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａ,               ａｎｄ               Ｃｈｅｃｈｎｙａ               ｉｎ               Ｒｕｓｓｉａ. Ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｈａｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ａｔｔｒａｃｔｅｄ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ-ｉｎ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ,               Ｂｏｓｔｏｎ,               Ｔｅｘａｓ,               Ｆｌｏｒｉｄａ,               Ｖｉｒｇｉｎｉａ,               ａｎｄ               Ｃａｌｉｆｏｒｎｉａ;               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｋｉｎｇｄｏｍ-ｉｎ               Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｍａｎｃｈｅｓｔｅｒ. Ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ａｄｈｅｒｅｎｔｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ａｒｒｅｓｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｐｌａｃｅｓ               ａｓ               ｄｉｓｐａｒａｔｅ               ａｓ               Ｊｏｒｄａｎ,               Ｓｅａｔｔｌｅ,               Ｆｒａｎｃｅ,               Ｕｒｕｇｕａｙ,               ａｎｄ               Ａｕｓｔｒａｌｉａ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 196).                Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｄｏｅｓ               ａｎ               ｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔ               ｊｏｂ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｔａｉｌｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ. Ｈｅ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｓ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｈａｓ               ｇｒｏｗｎ               ｂｙ               ｓａｙｉｎｇ,               "Ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｗａｓ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ｓｕｄａｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｆｏｒｇｅｄ               ａｌｌｉａｎｃｅｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｒａｎｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｎｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ:               Ｅｇｙｐｔ'ｓ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               Ｇｒｏｕｐ               ａｎｄ               Ｊｉｈａｄ               Ｇｒｏｕｐ;               Ａｌｇｅｒｉａ'ｓ               Ａｒｍｅｄ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               Ｇｒｏｕｐ;               ｔｈｅ               Ｌｉｂｙａｎ               Ｆｉｇｈｔｉｎｇ               Ｇｒｏｕｐ;               ａ               Ｙｅｍｅｎｉ               ｇｒｏｕｐ,               Ｓａｉｆ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               Ｊａｎｎｕｂｉ;               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｙｒｉａｎ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               Ｊａｍａａｔ               ｅ-Ｊｉｈａｌ               ａｌ-Ｓｕｒｉ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 86). Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ａｔｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｓ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｏｕｐ'ｓ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ａｎ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙ               ｇｌｏｂａｌｉｚｅｄ               ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ,               "…ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ｉｄｅａｓ               ａｒｅ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｌｉｅｆｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｎｔｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｙｅｍｅｎ               ｔｏ               Ｋｅｎｙａ               ｔｏ               Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 37).                Ｈｅ               ｇｏｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｓａｙ,               "…ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ…ｉｓ               ａｓ               ｍｕｃｈ               ａ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｇｌｏｂａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ               ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ               ｔｏ               ｉｔ. Ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｗａｓ               ｆｏｒｍｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｕｃｉｂｌｅ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｃｏｎｆｌｉｃｔ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ａｆｇｈａｎｉｓｔａｎ-ａ               ｗａｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｄｒｅｗ               ｉｎ               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎｉｓ,               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ,               ａｎｄ               Ｓａｕｄｉｓ,               ａｌｏｎｇ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｍｕｓｌｉｍｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ａｌｌ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂｅ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 196). Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ,               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｓａｙｓ,               "Ｏｎ               Ｆｅｂｒｕａｒｙ               22,               1998,               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ…ａｎｎｏｕｎｃｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               Ｆｒｏｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               Ｊｉｈａｄ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｊｅｗｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｃｒｕｓａｄｅｒｓ.                Ｃｏｓｉｇｎａｔｏｒｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ               Ａｙｍａｎ               ａｌ-Ｚａｗａｈｉｒｉ               ｏｆ               Ｅｇｙｐｔ'ｓ               Ｊｉｈａｄ               Ｇｒｏｕｐ,               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｔｒｕｓｔｅｄ               ｌｉｅｕｔｅｎａｎｔ;               Ｒｉｆｉａ               Ａｈｍｅｄ               Ｔａｈａ               ｏｆ               Ｅｇｙｐｔ'ｓ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               Ｇｒｏｕｐ;               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅａｄｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎｉ               ａｎｄ               Ｂａｎｇｌａｄｅｓｈｉ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｎｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｓ. Ａｌｌ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｂｒｏｕｇｈｔ               ｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｏｎｅ               ｕｍｂｒｅｌｌａ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｔｉｍｅ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 95). Ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｓ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ'ｓ               ｔｈｅｓｉｓ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｉｔ               ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ. Ｔｒａｖｅｌｉｎｇ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ               ｐｌａｎ,               ｃｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｅｘｅｃｕｔｅ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｃｅｌｌｓ               ｉｎ               ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂｅ.                Ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ'ｓ               ｔｈｅｓｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ. Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｓ               ｈｏｗ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｓｅｔ               ｕｐ               ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅｓ,               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ｔｒａｄｉｎｇ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               Ｗａｄｉ               ａｌ-Ａｑｉｑ               ａｎｄ               Ｌａｄｉｎ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ,               ａｎ               ａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               ａｌ-Ｔｈｅｍａｒ,               ａ               ｌｅａｔｈｅｒ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               Ｋｈａｒｔｏｕｍ               Ｔａｎｎｅｒｙ,               ａ               ｔｒｕｃｋｉｎｇ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               ａｌ-Ｑｕｄｕｒａｔ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｌ-Ｈｉｊｒａ               Ｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ               Ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｂｌｅｓｓｅｄ               Ｆｒｕｉｔｓ               Ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ,               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               ａｌ-Ｉｋｈｌａｓ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｄｅａｌｔ               ｉｎ               ｓｗｅｅｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｈｏｎｅｙ               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 80).                Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｇｏｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｔｒｅａｔｓ               ｉｔｓ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｅｓ               ｌｉｋｅ               ａ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｅｎｔｅｒｐｒｉｓｅ               ｂｙ               ｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｂａｎｋ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               "…ａｔ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｙｐｒｕｓ,               Ｍａｌａｙｓｉａ,               Ｈｏｎｇ               Ｋｏｎｇ,               Ｄｕｂａｉ,               Ｖｉｅｎｎａ,               ａｎｄ               Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 80). Ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ,               "…ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ａｌｓｏ               ａｐｐｌｉｅｄ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ               ｐｉｃｋｅｄ               ｕｐ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｈｉｓ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ. Ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               1980ｓ               Ａｆｇｈａｎ               Ｗａｒ,               ｈｅ               ｓｅｔ               ｕｐ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ;               ｒａｉｓｅｄ               ｆｕｎｄｓ               ｉｎ               Ｓａｕｄｉ               Ａｒａｂｉａ;               ｒｅｃｒｕｉｔｅｄ               ｆｉｇｈｔｅｒｓ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｕｓｌｉｍ               ｗｏｒｌｄ;               ａｎｄ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｔｏ               ｂｕｉｌｄ               ｂａｓｅｓ               ｉｎｓｉｄｅ               Ａｆｇｈａｎｉｓｔａｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｈｉｓ               ｈｏｌｙ               ｗａｒｒｉｏｒｓ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 29). Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｇｏｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｇｉｖｅ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｓ               ｏｐｅｎｉｎｇ               ｏｆｆｉｃｅｓ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ,               ｅｘｐｏｒｔｉｎｇ               ｆｉｇｈｔｅｒｓ               ａｓ               ｉｆ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａ               ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇ               ｆｕｎｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｇｒｏｕｐｓ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒ. Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ'ｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ,               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｏｕｐ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ-ｌｉｋｅ               ｍａｎｎｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｉｓ               ｒｕｎ               ｌｅａｄｓ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｒｈａｐｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌ               ｅｌｅｍｅｎｔ               ｉｎ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ'ｓ               ｔｈｅｓｉｓ:               ｔｈｅ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｂｙ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｈｏｌｙ               ｗａｒ.                Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ'ｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ               ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｒｅｅ               ｐｒｉｍａｒｙ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｂｉｎ-Ｌａｄｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒ               ｃａｍｐａｉｇｎ:               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ.                Ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｕｓｅｓ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｆｏｒｍｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｍａｒｋｅｔ               ｔｏｄａｙ. Ａｎ               Ａｖｉａｔｉｏｎ               Ｗｅｅｋ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｏｎ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｃａｐａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ               ｓｔａｔｅｄ,               "…ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ               ａｍｏｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ'ｓ               ｓｏｐｈｉｓｔｉｃａｔｅｄ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｔｉｏｎｅｒｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｗｉｒｅｌｅｓｓ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ               ｓｅｒｖｅ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｅｎｔｒａｌ               ｎｅｒｖｏｕｓ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｏｆ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｒｅｃｏｎｎａｉｓｓａｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｍａｎｄ               ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ"               (Ａｖｉａｔｉｏｎ               Ｗｅｅｋ,               2002). Ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｇｏｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ'ｓ               ａｓｓｅｒｔｉｏｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｂｙ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. ｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               Ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               Ｅｎｄｕｒｉｎｇ               Ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ               ｉｎ               Ａｆｇｈａｎｉｓｔａｎ:               "Ｕ.Ｓ. ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ               ｓｐｅｃｉａｌｉｓｔｓ…ｄｅｔｅｃｔ               ｄｏｚｅｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｗｉｒｅｌｅｓｓ               ｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎｅ               ｃａｌｌｓ               ｔｏ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｃｏｍｍａｎｄ               ｇｒｏｕｐｓ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｔｉｍｅ               ａｎ               ａｌｌｉｅｄ               ｕｎｉｔ               ｄｒｉｖｅｓ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ａ               ｖｉｌｌａｇｅ"               (Ａｖｉａｔｉｏｎ               Ｗｅｅｋ,               2002). Ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｓ,               "Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               Ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               Ａｎａｃｏｎｄａ…ｗａｓ               ａ               ｖｅｔｅｒａｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｇｈｔｉｎｇ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｏｖｉｅｔ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓｌｙ               ｕｓｅｄ               ａｔ               ｌｅａｓｔ               ｆｉｖｅ               ｒａｄｉｏ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｏｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｃｈａｎｎｅｌｓ,               ｅａｃｈ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｉｎｇ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｒ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｅａｃｈ               ｅｔｈｎｉｃ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ               (Ａｒａｂ,               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎｉ,               Ｕｚｂｅｋ,               Ａｆｇｈａｎ,               ｅｔｃ.). Ｔｈｅ               ｗｉｒｅｌｅｓｓ               ｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎｅｓ…ｔｉｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｒ               ｃｏｒｐｓ…ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ａｎｄ               Ｔａｌｉｂａｎ               ｃｏｍｂａｔ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｖｅｒａｌｌ               ｔａｃｔｉｃａｌ               ｃｏｍｍａｎｄｅｒ"               (Ａｖｉａｔｉｏｎ               Ｗｅｅｋ,               2002).                Ｔｏ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｔｈｅｓｉｓ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔ               ｏｆ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               ｊｉｈａｄ,               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｔｅｌｌｓ               ｕｓ               ｔｈａｔ,               "Ｔｈｅ               ｈｅａｄ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｃｒｅｔｉｖｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. Ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｓｅｃｕｒｉｔｙ               Ａｇｅｎｃｙ               ｓａｉｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｔｔｅｒ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｆｏｒ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ. Ｔｈｅ               Ｓａｕｄｉ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｎｔ'ｓ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｒｓ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｅ               ｂｙ               ｆａｘ,               ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ               ｐｈｏｎｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｅ-ｍａｉｌ. Ｔｈｅｙ               ｅｎｃｒｙｐｔ               ｍｅｍｏｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               Ｍａｃｉｎｔｏｓｈ               ａｎｄ               Ｔｏｓｈｉｂａ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ. Ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｄ-1990ｓ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｍａｄｅ               ａ               ＣＤ-ＲＯＭ               ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｐａｇｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ               ｋｉｎｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｗｅａｐｏｎｒｙ,               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｏｎ               ｈｏｗ               ｔｏ               ｂｕｉｌｄ               ｂｏｍｂｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ａｎｄ               ｐａｒａｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐｐ. 28-29).                Ｔｏ               ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒ               ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅ               ｔｈｉｓ,               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｔｅｌｌｓ               ｕｓ,               "Ｗｈｅｎ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ｄｅｃｌａｒｅｄ               ｗａｒ               ｏｎ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ               ｉｎ               1996,               ｈｅ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ               Ｕ.Ｓ. ｓｏｌｄｉｅｒｓ               ｓｔａｔｉｏｎｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｉｄｄｌｅ               Ｅａｓｔ               ａｓ               'ｔｈｅ               Ｃｒｕｓａｄｅｒｓ,'               ａｓ               ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｕｓａｄｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｉｄｄｌｅ               Ａｇｅｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｆｏｕｇｈｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｓｉｇｎｅｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｄｅｃｌａｒａｔｉｏｎ               'ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅａｋｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈｉｎｄｕ               Ｋｕｓｈ               ｍｏｕｎｔａｉｎｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｆｇｈａｎｉｓｔａｎ,'               ａ               ｐｌａｃｅ               ｂａｒｅｌｙ               ｔｏｕｃｈｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｗｏｒｌｄ. Ｔｈａｔ               ｄｅｃｌａｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｗａｒ               ｗａｓ               ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ               ｏｎ               ａｎ               Ａｐｐｌｅ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｎ               ｆａｘｅｄ               ｏｒ               ｅ-ｍａｉｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｂｒｉｔａｉｎ,               ｗｈｏ               ｉｎ               ｔｕｒｎ               ｍａｄｅ               ｉｔ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               Ａｒａｂｉｃ               ｎｅｗｓｐａｐｅｒｓ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ｌｏｎｄｏｎ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｓｕｂｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙ               ｂｅａｍｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｅｘｔ,               ｖｉａ               ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ,               ｔｏ               ｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇ               ｃｅｎｔｅｒｓ               ａｌｌ               ｏｖｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｉｄｄｌｅ               Ｅａｓｔ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ. Ｔｈｕｓ,               ａ               ｐｒｅｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｍｅｓｓａｇｅ               ｗａｓ               ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｐｏｓｔｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｍｅａｎｓ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 28).                Ａｌａｎ               Ｃｕｌｌｉｓｏｎ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｓ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ'ｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｔｌａｎｔｉｃ               Ｍｏｎｔｈｌｙ,               ｉｎ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｈｅ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｓ               ｈｏｗ               ｈｅ               ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅｄ               ｔｗｏ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               Ｋａｂｕｌ. Ａｎ               ｅｘａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｈａｒｄ               ｄｒｉｖｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ,               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｃｕｌｌｉｓｏｎ,               ｙｉｅｌｄｅｄ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               "…ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄ               ｂｕｄｇｅｔｓ,               ｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｍａｎｕａｌｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｒｅｃｒｕｉｔｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｓｃｏｕｔｉｎｇ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｓｈｅｄ               ｌｉｇｈｔ               ｏｎ               ｅｖｅｒｙｔｈｉｎｇ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｍａｔｔｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｅｔｔｙ               ｂｕｒｅａｕｃｒａｔｉｃ               ｓｎｉｐｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｂａｔｅｓ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｒｉｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｓｕｉｃｉｄｅ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ"               (Ｃｕｌｌｉｓｏｎ,               2004). Ｃｕｌｌｉｓｏｎ               ｗｅｎｔ               ｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｓａｙ,               "Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｗｅｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｖｉｄｅｏ               ｆｉｌｅｓ,               ｐｈｏｔｏｇｒａｐｈｓ,               ｓｃａｎｎｅｄ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｓ,               ａｎｄ               Ｗｅｂ               ｐａｇｅｓ,               ｍａｎｙ               ｏｆ               ｗｈｉｃｈ,               ｉｔ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｃｌｅａｒ,               ｗｅｒｅ               ｐａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｏｕｐ'ｓ               ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｌｙ               ｓｏｐｈｉｓｔｉｃａｔｅｄ               ｅｆｆｏｒｔｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔ               ａ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ-ｂａｓｅｄ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃｉｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｃｒｕｉｔｍｅｎｔ               ｅｆｆｏｒｔ"               (Ｃｕｌｌｉｓｏｎ,               2004).                Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               "Ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｈａｓ               ｈａｄ               ａｓ               ｇｒｅａｔ               ａｎ               ｉｍｐａｃｔ               ｏｎ               Ｈｏｌｙ               Ｗａｒ,               Ｉｎｃ. ａｓ               ｉｔ               ｈａｓ               ｏｎ               ｍａｎｙ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｓ. Ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｃｒｕｉｔｍｅｎｔ               ｖｉｄｅｏｔａｐｅ               ｍａｄｅ               ｂｙ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｉｎ               2001               ｗａｓ               ｃｏｎｖｅｒｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ＤＶＤ               ｆｏｒｍａｔ,               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｍａｋｅｓ               ｉｔ               ｅａｓｙ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｐｙ               ｂｙ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒ,               ａｎｄ               ｗａｓ               ｍａｄｅ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ               ｉｎ               ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ               ｃｈａｔｒｏｏｍｓ. Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ａｌｓｏ               Ｗｅｂ               ｓｉｔｅｓ               ｄｅｖｏｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｊｉｈａｄｉｓｔ               ｓｉｔｅｓ…ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｄｅｌｉｖｅｒ               ａ               ｗｉｄｅ               ｒａｎｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 38).                Ａ               Ｎｅｗｓｗｅｅｋ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ａｎ               Ａｒａｂｉｃ               Ｗｅｂ               ｓｉｔｅ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ａｓ               Ａｚｚａｍ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｓ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ'ｓ               ａｓｓｅｒｔｉｏｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ. Ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｓａｙｓ               ｔｈａｔ,               "Ｓｏｍｅ               ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ｂｅｌｉｅｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｂ               ｓｉｔｅ               ｍａｙ…ｃｏｎｔａｉｎ               ｈｉｄｄｅｎ               ｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｆｏｒ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅｓ"               (Ｈｏｓｅｎｂａｌｌ,               2001). Ａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ               ｓａｙｓ,               "Ｂｒｉｔｉｓｈ               ａｎｄ               Ｕ.Ｓ. ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ｓｕｓｐｅｃｔ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｉｔｅ'ｓ               ｌｕｒｉｄ               ｊｉｈａｄ               ｐｈｏｔｏｓ               ａｎｄ               ｇｒａｐｈｉｃｓ               ｃｏｎｔａｉｎ               ｓｅｃｒｅｔ               ｍｅｓｓａｇｅｓ               ｅｍｂｅｄｄｅｄ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ａ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               ｓｔｅｇａｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,               ｆｏｒ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｄｏｗｎｌｏａｄｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ"               (Ｈｏｓｅｎｂａｌｌ,               2001).                Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ａｌｅｘ               Ｓａｌｋｅｖｅｒ,               "…ｔｈｅ               ｓｔｒｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｐｏｌｉｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ａｖｅｒｔｅｄ               ｓｉｎｃｅ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               11               ｔｅｌｌｓ               ａ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｉｎｇ               ｔａｌｅ. Ｆｒｏｍ               ｓｅｉｚｉｎｇ               ａ               ｂｏｍｂ-ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ               ｃａｃｈｅ               ｉｎ               Ｂｅｌｇｉｕｍ               ｔｏ               ｕｎｃｏｖｅｒｉｎｇ               ａ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ               ｐｌｏｔ               ｔｏ               ｇａｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕ.Ｓ. Ｅｍｂａｓｓｙ               ｉｎ               Ｒｏｍｅ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｄｅａｄｌｙ               ｃｙａｎｉｄｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｗａｒｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｒｅａｔｓ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｔｒｕｌｙ               ｂｒｅａｔｈｔａｋｉｎｇ. Ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               ｇｅｔｔｉｎｇ               ａｇｅｎｔｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｏｕｎｄ               ｉｎｓｉｄｅ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ｃｅｌｌｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈｉｎ               ｔｉｇｈｔ-ｋｎｉｔ               ｍｉｌｉｔａｎｔ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅ               ｉｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｈａｃｋｅｄ               ｑｕｉｔｅ               ｎｉｃｅｌｙ"               (Ｓａｌｋｅｖｅｒ,               2002). Ｉｆ               Ｓａｌｋｅｖｅｒ               ｉｓ               ｃｏｒｒｅｃｔ,               ａ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ'ｓ               ｔｈｅｓｉｓ               ｍａｙ               ｂｅ               ｍａｄｅ               ｉｒｒｅｌｅｖａｎｔ. Ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ               ｉｓ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｏｎｅ               ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｉｔ               ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓ               ａｎ               ａｄｖａｎｃｅｄ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ｃａｐａｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｈａｓ               ｒｅｌｉｅｄ               ｕｐｏｎ               ｈｅａｖｉｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｏｒｄｉｎａｔｅ               ａｎｄ               ｐｌａｎ               ｉｔｓ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ.                Ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｎａｌ               ｍａｊｏｒ               ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ'ｓ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ               ｄｅａｌｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ. Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｔｅｌｌｓ               ｕｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ,               ｉｎ               1997,               "…ｇａｖｅ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｖｉｅｗ…ｔｏ               ＣＮＮ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｈｉｄｅｏｕｔｓ               ｎｅａｒ               Ｊａｌａｌａｂａｄ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 94). Ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               "…ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｓ               ａ               ｋｅｅｎ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｄｉａ'ｓ               ｉｎｓａｔｉａｂｌｅ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｎｅｗ               ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｔａｔｅｍｅｎｔｓ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 232). Ｎｏｔｈｉｎｇ               ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｂｅｔｔｅｒ,               ａｓ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓ,               ｔｈａｎ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ               ｌａｕｎｃｈｅｄ               Ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               Ｅｎｄｕｒｉｎｇ               Ｆｒｅｅｄｏｍ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｔａｃｋ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｔａｌｉｂａｎ               ｉｎ               Ａｆｇｈａｎｉｓｔａｎ:               "Ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｍｏｍｅｎｔ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｅｎｓ,               ｐｅｒｈａｐｓ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓ,               ｏｆ               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｇｌｕｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒａｉｎｙ               ｇｒｅｅｎ               ｎｉｇｈｔｓｃｏｐｅ               ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｏｍｂｉｎｇ               ｒａｉｄｓ               ｉｎ               Ａｆｇｈａｎｉｓｔａｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ'ｓ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｗａｎｔｅｄ               ｍａｎ               ｐｏｐｐｅｄ               ｕｐ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｄｄｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｖｅｒａｇｅ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｖｅｌ               ｉｎ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 233). Ｈｅ               ｇｏｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｓａｙ,               "Ｉｔ               ｗａｓ               ａ               ｓｕｐｒｅｍｅｌｙ               ｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｔ               ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ａ               ｐｅｒｆｅｃｔ               ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｈｏｌｙ               Ｗａｒ,               Ｉｎｃ. ｉｎ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ-ｕｔｉｌｉｚｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅ               ｕｐｌｉｎｋｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ'ｓ               ｔｅｌｅｖｉｓｉｏｎ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｅａｍ               ａ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｍｅｓｓａｇｅ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｌｙ               ｗａｒ"               (Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               ｐ. 233).                ＣＯＮＣＬＵＳＩＯＮ                Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ               ａｎ               ｉｎ-ｄｅｐｔｈ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               Ｏｓａｍａ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ. Ｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｍｐｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｉｎｇ               ｈｏｗ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｕｓｅｓ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ               ｔｏ               ｗａｇｅ               ａ               ｐｒｅｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｆｏｒｍ               ｏｆ               ｗａｒｆａｒｅ               ｂｙ               ｄｒａｗｉｎｇ               ｏｎ               ｆｉｒｓｔ-ｈａｎｄ               ｉｎｔｅｒｖｉｅｗｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｏｓａｍａ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ. Ｈｉｓ               ｊｏｕｒｎａｌｉｓｔｉｃ               ｃｒｅｄｅｎｔｉａｌｓ               ａｒｅ               ｎｏ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｓｐｅｃｔａｃｕｌａｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ａｎｙ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｍ               ａｎａｌｙｓｔ,               ｂｕｔ               ｈｅ               ｔｒａｖｅｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｎｄｓ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｕｔｉｌｉｚｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｅｒｓ. Ｈｅ               ｗｅｎｔ               ｉｎｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｅａｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｏｍｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｔａｌｉｂａｎ               ａｎｄ               ｍｅｔ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ.                Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               ｄｅｖｏｔｅｓ               ｅｎｔｉｒｅ               ｃｈａｐｔｅｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               Ｏｓａｍａ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ. Ｈｅ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ               ｉｎｃｒｅｄｉｂｌｅ               ｄｅｔａｉｌ               ｉｎ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ｏｆ               ｈｉｓ               ｔｈｅｓｉｓ               ｂｙ               ｅｘａｍｉｎｉｎｇ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｃｌｏｓｅｌｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅａｓｏｎｓ               ｆｏｒ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｎ               ａｎｄ               ｇｒｏｕｐｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ               ｉｔｓ               ｇｏａｌｓ. Ｈｉｓ               ｆｏｃｕｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂａｌ               ｎａｔｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｒｏｕｐ               ｉｓ               ｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｈｉｓ               ｄｅｔａｉｌｅｄ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｉｎ               Ｓｕｄａｎ               ａｎｄ               Ａｆｇｈａｎｉｓｔａｎ,               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               Ｅｇｙｐｔｉａｎ               ｒａｄｉｃａｌ               ｇｒｏｕｐｓ               ｏｎ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｇｒｅａｔ               Ｂｒｉｔａｉｎ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ,               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               Ｃｈｅｃｈｎｙａ. Ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｍｕｃｈ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ               ｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ               ｉｓ               ｏｐｅｎｌｙ               ａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅ,               ｈｉｓ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅａｂｌｅ               ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ               ｌｅｎｄｓ               ａ               ｃｒｅｄｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ               ｔｏ               ｈｉｓ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｔｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｆｅｗ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｐｌａｃｅｓ. Ｔｈｉｓ               ｂｏｏｋ               ｉｓ               ｒｅｃｏｍｍｅｎｄｅｄ               ｒｅａｄｉｎｇ               ｆｏｒ               ａｎｙｏｎｅ               ｗａｎｔｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｗｈｙ               ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               ｉｓ               ａｔ               ｗａｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               Ｕｎｉｔｅｄ               Ｓｔａｔｅｓ. Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｅａｓｙ               ｔｏ               ｒｅａｄ               ａｎｄ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ               ａ               ｌｅｖｅｌ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｔａｉｌ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｅｎｌｉｇｈｔｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｉｎｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｗｈｏ               ｔａｋｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄ               ｉｔ.                ＷＯＲＫＳ               ＣＩＴＥＤ                Ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ               Ｕｓｅｓ               Ｓｅｃｕｒｅ               Ｌｉｎｋｓ               Ｔｏ               Ｔｒａｃｋ               Ｕ.Ｓ. Ｔｒｏｏｐｓ               ｉｎ               Ｃｏｍｂａｔ. Ａｖｉａｔｉｏｎ               Ｗｅｅｋ               &               Ｓｐａｃｅ               Ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ,               11/25/2002,               Ｖｏｌ. 157               Ｉｓｓｕｅ               22,               ｐ56. Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｅｂｓｃｏｈｏｓｔ               ｄａｔａｂａｓｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗｉｄｅ               Ｗｅｂ:               ｈｔｔｐ://ｅｂｓｃｏｈｏｓｔ.ｃｏｍ.                Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ,               Ｐ. (2001). Ｈｏｌｙ               Ｗａｒ,               Ｉｎｃ. Ｎｅｗ               Ｙｏｒｋ:               Ｔｈｅ               Ｆｒｅｅ               Ｐｒｅｓｓ.                Ｃｕｌｌｉｓｏｎ,               Ａ. (2004). Ｉｎｓｉｄｅ               Ａｌ-Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               Ｈａｒｄ               Ｄｒｉｖｅ. Ｔｈｅ               Ａｔｌａｎｔｉｃ               Ｍｏｎｔｈｌｙ,               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ,               2004. Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｅｂｓｃｏｈｏｓｔ               ｄａｔａｂａｓｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗｉｄｅ               Ｗｅｂ:               ｈｔｔｐ://ｅｂｓｃｏｈｏｓｔ.ｃｏｍ.                Ｈｏｓｅｎｂａｌｌ,               Ｍ. (2001). Ｗａｒｎｉｎｇ               Ｆｒｏｍ               Ａ               Ｗｅｂ               Ｓｉｔｅ. Ｎｅｗｓｗｅｅｋ,               12/17/2001,               Ｖｏｌ. 138               Ｉｓｓｕｅ               25,               ｐ8. Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｅｂｓｃｏｈｏｓｔ               ｄａｔａｂａｓｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗｉｄｅ               Ｗｅｂ:               ｈｔｔｐ://ｅｂｓｃｏｈｏｓｔ.ｃｏｍ.                Ｐｅｔｅｒ               Ｂｅｒｇｅｎ               Ｗｅｂ               Ｓｉｔｅ               ａｔ               ｈｔｔｐ://ｗｗｗ.ｐｅｔｅｒｂｅｒｇｅｎ.ｃｏｍ.                Ｓａｌｋｅｖｅｒ,               Ａ. (2002). Ｈａｃｋｉｎｇ               Ａｌ               Ｑａｅｄａ'ｓ               Ｓｅｃｒｅｔｓ. Ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               Ｗｅｅｋ               Ｏｎｌｉｎｅ,               3/12/2002,               ｐＮ.ＰＡＧ,               00ｐ. Ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               Ｅｂｓｃｏｈｏｓｔ               ｄａｔａｂａｓｅ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｏｒｌｄ               Ｗｉｄｅ               Ｗｅｂ:               ｈｔｔｐ://ｅｂｓｃｏｈｏｓｔ.ｃｏｍ.

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